为什么V2G是能源存储的未来？

Why V2G is the future of energy storage？

August 8, 2023 BEN COOK

译者说

储能系统的发展，是新型低碳化电力系统的必然组成部分。如何能更充分的利用社会现有资源实现新型电网（包含大量新能源接入和分布式特征）运行的稳定性，并减少化石能源的使用，更大范围的实现全社会的净零碳目标，是所有新型电力设备应用是都应该关注的课题。电动汽车，作为新型交通工具，替代燃油汽车已经成为历史的必然趋势，而随着电动车保有量的增加，庞大的车载电池容量是人们不可忽视的潜在储能资源。通过对V2G技术的研究、测试和推广，形成行业共识，推动这项技术的普及，让更多汽车制造商和电力系统接纳电动车双向充电功能，电动汽车将成为未来在储能领域规模和影响力不弱于化学储能和抽水蓄能的重要的储能设施。而且两项最值得关注的价值点是：第一，V2G不影响电动汽车的电池性能和寿命，通过合理的智能充放电策略还有可能改善；第二，这项储能措施不用增加额外的投资成本；这都更符合未来低碳可持续发展社会的需求。本文预测，到2050年，V2G技术可以给全球储能带来220TWh/年的储能容量，这是一笔非常可观的社会资源，也是这项技术势必会蓬勃发展的理由。

尽管有一些质疑声，但是V2G技术作为全球储能容量的主要提供者，它的崛起是不可阻挡的。

Despite some scepticism, the rise of vehicle-to-grid technology as a major provider of storage capacity around the world will be inexorable.

* V2G将与锂电池储能和抽水蓄能一起成为主要的储能提供者。

* Vehicle-to-grid will join li-ion batteries and pumped storage as major capacity provider.

* 研究表明，V2G实际上可以改善汽车电池性能。

* Study shows V2G can actually improve car battery performance.

* 虽然特斯拉首席执行官埃隆·马斯克表示怀疑，但V2G的崛起是不可阻挡的。

* Tesla CEO Elon Musk has expressed scepticism, but rise of V2G is inevitable.

V2G将成为储能领域下一个主要趋势之一。这种“车载储能”系统在未来20年内将成为全球容量几乎与专用锂电池储能和抽水蓄能相当的一种储能方式。

One of the next major trends in energy storage will be vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, storage. This form of ‘storage on wheels’ is set to be almost as big a contributor to global capacity as dedicated lithium-ion batteries and pumped hydro – the dominant forms of storage currently – within the next 20 years.

简单来说，V2G充电使能量可以双向流动 - 从电网进入电动汽车，然后再回到电网。这是一种让电动汽车（EV）车主可以通过将车辆中的能量卖回电网获利的系统。

Simply put, V2G charging enables energy to flow bi-directionally - from the grid into an electric car and back again. It’s a system that allows electric vehicle (EV) owners to make money by selling energy from their vehicle back to the grid.

V2G将很快起飞。在最近的一项发展中，诺丁汉市议会上周宣布，他们推出了V2G示范项目。市议会的车队库里有40个双向V2G充电器，其中还有三个太阳能电池组和两个300kW E-STOR能源储存系统，由Connected Energy提供。市议会表示，V2G项目将使其避免高额的电费，并为其提供向电网出售电力的机会。

And V2G will soon take-off. In one of the most recent developments, Nottingham City Council announced last week that it had launched a V2G demonstrator project. The council’s fleet depot is home to 40 vehicle-to-grid (V2G) bi-directional chargers with three solar arrays and two 300kW E-STOR energy storage systems from Connected Energy. The council has said the V2G project will enable it to avoid high electricity tariffs and give it the opportunity to sell electricity back to the grid.

V2G如何帮电动汽车车主赚钱

How V2G earns money for EV owners

V2G技术也可以为电动汽车车主带来利润。英国的OVO Energy、Kaluza、日产汽车公司、研究咨询公司Cenex和Indra Renewable Technology联合推出的V2G试验项目，车主通过VG连接将车辆中的电量以30便士/千瓦时的价格卖回电网。该项目得出结论是：“试验中的客户无需做任何事情，只需在不使用时将他们的汽车插入充电器，就可以年赚725英镑。”

V2G technology can also be lucrative for private EV owners. A V2G trial programme run in the UK – by OVO Energy, Kaluza, Nissan Motor Company, research consultancy Cenex, and Indra Renewable Technology – involved V2G connected car-owners selling energy from their vehicle back to the grid at a rate of 30p per kWh. The programme concluded that “customers in the trial have been able to earn as much as £725 a year without needing to do anything except keep their cars plugged in when they are not in use”.

不难看出，V2G将成为全球储能容量的主要来源之一。与需要大量投资、土地和方案许可的固定储能系统不同，电动汽车销量不断增加，因此根据总部位于芬兰的电动汽车充电服务公司Virta的说法，V2G可以成为“无额外成本”的更大的储能容量贡献者。

It's not hard to see why V2G is set to become one of the major sources of global energy storage capacity. Unlike stationary energy storage systems, which can require significant investment, plots of land, and planning permission, electric vehicle sales are continuously increasing with the result V2G can become a much bigger contributor of storage capacity with “no extra cost”, according to Finland-headquartered electric vehicle charging services company Virta.

这是一个有说服力的观点。据估计，到2030年全球将有140-240万辆电动汽车。Virta称：“这意味着我们将拥有至少1.4亿个车载小型电能储存设备，聚合储能容量为7 TWh。”“我们相信，电动汽车是帮助可再生能源管理和生产的最明智的方式，因为不管我们选择如何使用它们，EV都将成为我们未来生活的一部分。”

It’s a compelling argument. It is estimated that globally there will be 140-240 million electric vehicles by 2030. “This means that we'll have at least 140 million tiny energy storages on wheels with an aggregated storage capacity of 7 TWh,” claims Virta. “We believe that electric cars are simply the smartest way to help with renewable energy management and production, as EVs will be part of our lives in the future — regardless of the ways we choose to use them.”

在OVO Energy的V2G试验中，一位参与者评论道：“我的汽车有90％的时间都闲置着。你的座驾上有一个巨大的储能设备。你已经投资了那么多的钱购买汽车，为什么不更多地利用它，而不是让它闲置着？”

As one participant in the OVO Energy V2G trial commented: “Ninety per cent of the time my car is sat doing nothing. You have a huge energy storage device sitting on your drive. You’ve invested all that money in a car, so why not use it more of the time, rather than have it sitting doing nothing.”

主要汽车制造商在V2G方面的立场

Where major carmakers stand on V2G

虽然V2G的实施将会起飞，但只有在克服了一些障碍之后才能实现。首先，并不是所有的电动汽车都兼容V2G，许多制造商处于该技术的不同发展阶段。以下是一些主要汽车制造商目前在V2G方面的情况：

While V2G implementation will take off, it will only do so once a number of barriers have been surmounted. To begin with, not all electric cars are V2G compatible, with a number of manufacturers at different stages in the development of the technology. Here’s a run-down of the current position of a number of major carmakers in relation to V2G:

日产

虽然日产聆风自2013年以来就兼容V2G，但直到去年9月，该汽车制造商才批准了其第一个V2G充电器。

Nissan‍

Though the Nissan Leaf has been V2G compatible since 2013, it was only in September last year that the carmaker approved its first V2G charger for the car.

大众汽车

去年9月，有消息称，大众汽车与Ellia集团签署了一份谅解备忘录，探讨V2G技术如何能够潜在地稳定能源网，同时激励电动汽车司机。

Volkswagen

In September last year, it emerged that Volkswagen had signed a memorandum of understanding with Ellia Group to explore how V2G technology can potentially stabilise the energy grid, while at the same time rewarding EV drivers.

福特

美国的杜克能源公司在去年8月宣布，它正在开始一项研究和开发试点计划，以评估使用福特F-150闪电汽车--它具有V2G功能--为电网供电的可能性。

Ford

US-based Duke Energy announced in August last year that it was beginning a research and development pilot programme to evaluate the possibility of using the Ford F-150 Lightning vehicle – which has V2G capabilities – to feed the power grid.

现代汽车

去年4月，现代汽车--与移动服务提供商We Drive Solar合作--在荷兰城市乌特勒支启动了一个项目，该项目将涉及部署25辆配备V2G技术的IONIQ 5汽车。现代公司在一份声明中说，乌特勒支是 "世界上第一个如此大规模地部署V2G技术的城市"。

Hyundai

In April last year, Hyundai – in partnership with mobility provider We Drive Solar – launched a project in the Dutch city of Utrecht, which will involve the deployment of 25 of its IONIQ 5 cars equipped with V2G technology. Hyundai said in a statement that Utrecht was the “first city in the world to deploy V2G technology on such a large scale”.

保时捷

去年4月，保时捷发表声明说，作为更广泛的车辆保有量的一部分，电动汽车可以 "有效地充当发电厂，帮助供应所谓的平衡电力--平衡电网波动的电力"。该声明补充说，由保时捷、电网运营商TransnetBW和咨询公司智能能源系统服务（IE2S）进行的一项试点测试表明，"电力平衡能力可以储存在智能电动汽车群的高压电池中"。作为测试的一部分，共有五辆系列生产的Taycan汽车通过保时捷家庭能源管理器（HEM）在家庭环境和实验室条件下连接到电网。

Porsche

‍In April last year, Porsche issued a statement saying that, as part of a wider pool of vehicles, electric cars could “effectively act as a power plant and help supply what is known as balancing power – electrical power that balances out fluctuations in the power grid”. The statement added that a pilot test conducted by Porsche, the grid operator TransnetBW and consulting firm Intelligent Energy System Services (IE2S), had demonstrated that “electrical balancing power can be stored in the high-voltage batteries of an intelligent swarm of electric cars”. As part of the test, a total of five series-production Taycan vehicles were connected to the power grid via the Porsche Home Energy Manager (HEM) both in a domestic environment and under laboratory conditions.

特斯拉

本月早些时候，有报道称特斯拉汽车将在 "未来两年内"兼容V2G。

Tesla

‍Earlier this month, it was reported that Tesla vehicles will be V2G compatible “within the next two years”.

宝马

宝马目前正在 "研究和测试 "V2G技术，但是，到目前为止，似乎还没有迹象表明这家汽车制造商何时能够提供V2G兼容的汽车。

BMW

‍V2G technology is currently being “researched and tested” by BMW, but, as yet, there appears to be no indication as to when the carmaker will be able to offer a V2G-compatible car.

梅赛德斯-奔驰

该汽车制造商的EQS车型将允许在日本进行双向充电。它说，该国的CHAdeMO（Charge de Move）充电标准 "支持双向充电，这是V2G和V2H（车辆到家庭）等应用的先决条件"。

Mercedes-Benz

‍The car manufacturer’s EQS model will allow bidirectional charging in Japan. It says that the CHAdeMO (Charge de Move) charging standard in the country “supports bidirectional charging, which is the prerequisite for applications such as V2G and V2H (Vehicle-to-Home)”.

菲亚特

2020年，菲亚特克莱斯勒汽车公司与ENGIE和电网运营商Terna集团合作，在意大利的Mirafiori工厂开始了一个V2G项目。

Fiat

‍In 2020, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles began a V2G project - in partnership with ENGIE and electricity grid operator Terna Group - at the Mirafiori plant in Italy.

V2G会增强或损害电动汽车电池吗？

Does V2G enhance or damage EV batteries?

另一个可能需要克服的障碍是，人们认为V2G能力最终会缩短电动汽车电池的寿命。Virta强调，"一些V2G反对者 "声称，使用V2G技术会使汽车电池的寿命缩短。然而，Virta对此提出异议，称V2G放电并不影响电池寿命，因为它 "每天只发生几分钟"。他补充说："反正汽车电池每天都在放电--随着汽车的使用，电池也在放电，所以我们可以开车到处跑"。

Another potential barrier that may need to be overcome is the perception that V2G capability could ultimately shorten the life of electric vehicle batteries. Virta has highlighted the fact that “some V2G opponents” claim that using V2G technology makes car batteries less long-lasting. However, Virta disputes this, saying that V2G discharging doesn’t affect the battery life, as it “only happens for a few minutes each day”. It adds that car batteries are “being drained daily anyway – as the car is used, the battery is discharged so we can drive around”.

事实上，甚至有人声称，V2G技术可以提高汽车电池的性能。华威大学的一项研究--涉及开发一个 "基于从50多个商用C6/LiNiCoAlO2电池长期退化实验中收集的长期老化数据的综合电池退化模型"--得出结论，“相比于没有V2G的情况，智能电网更能够延长电动车电池的寿命”。该研究的模拟结果显示，"如果每天的驾驶消耗21%至38%的电荷容量，那么在三个月的时间里，向电网排放40%至8%的电池电荷状态可以减少大约6%的容量衰减和3%的功率衰减"。

Indeed, there have even been claims that V2G technology could even improve a car battery’s performance. A study by the University of Warwick – which involved the development of a “comprehensive battery degradation model based on long-term ageing data collected from more than fifty long-term degradation experiments on commercial C6/LiNiCoAlO2 batteries” – concluded that the smart grid is able to extend the life of the EV battery “beyond the case in which there is no V2G”. The study showed that simulation results indicate that “if a daily drive cycle consumes between 21% and 38% state of charge, then discharging 40%–8% of the batteries state of charge to the grid can reduce capacity fade by approximately 6% and power fade by 3% over a three-month period”.

特斯拉的马斯克：很少有人会使用双向充电

Tesla’s Musk: Few will use bi-directional charging

尽管本月早些时候，如前所述，声称特斯拉汽车将在两年内兼容V2G，但该公司首席执行官埃隆-马斯克表示，他认为没有多少人会使用双向充电，除非他们有Powerwall（一种特斯拉电池，可以储存电能，检测停电，并在电网瘫痪时自动成为家庭电源），因为 "如果你拔掉汽车插头，你的房子会变黑，这是非常不方便的。"

Despite the fact that earlier this month, as previously mentioned, it was claimed that Tesla vehicles will be V2G compatible within two years, the company’s CEO Elon Musk has said that he doesn’t think many people will use bi-directional charging, unless they have a Powerwall [a Tesla battery that stores energy, detects outages and automatically becomes a homes power source when the grid goes down] because “if you unplug your car, your house goes dark and this is extremely inconvenient.”

马斯克对广泛利用V2G技术的潜力持怀疑态度，这引起了业界的惊讶，尽管有人猜测，这些评论只是反映了一个事实，即特斯拉在这个确切的时间点上对其固定存储产品，如MegaPack和Powerwall的更大部署感兴趣。另一方面，马斯克的评论会不会是一个狡猾的策略的一部分，以增加 "Powerwall "产品的使用率，为V2G技术的广泛采用做准备？

Musk’s scepticism about the potential for widespread utilisation of V2G technology caused surprise in the industry, though there was speculation that the comments merely reflected the fact that Tesla is, at this precise moment in time, more interested in the greater deployment of its stationary storage products, such as MegaPack and Powerwall. On the other hand, could it be that Musk’s comments are part of a cunning ploy to increase the uptake of the ‘Powerwall’ product in preparation for the wider adoption of V2G technology?

V2G的崛起将是不可阻挡的

Rise of V2G will be inexorable

所有迹象表明，V2G将在未来几年内作为全球储能能力的主要贡献者之一而崛起。DNV表示，智能电表、智能电网和未来几年的 "监管变化 "将激励车主使用V2G技术。该风险管理机构认为，从2040年起，全球V2G系统的影响将"几乎与专用锂电池储能（或更先进的化学成分）和抽水蓄能的影响一样大"，到2050年全球将达到220TWh/年。

All the signs are that V2G will rise to prominence as one of the key contributors of energy storage capacity around the world in the coming years. DNV has said that smart meters, smart grids and “regulatory changes” in the coming years will incentivise car owners to use V2G technology. The risk management body has concluded that, from 2040 onwards, the impact of V2G systems worldwide will be “almost as large as that of dedicated li-ion batteries (or more advanced chemistries) and pumped hydro”, reaching 220 TWh/yr globally by 2050.

V2G的崛起将是不可阻挡的。道路上越来越多的电动汽车意味着：如果不能广泛部署这种技术，将会是在发展零碳社会过程中出现的一个明显疏忽。

The rise of V2G will be inexorable. The ever-increasing number of electric cars on the road means that the failure to widely deploy such technology would represent a glaring oversight in the drive to develop a carbon-free society.